Stepan Bandera: Difference between revisions

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 ==Participation in the Holocaust==
 ===Operation Barbarossa===
-[[Operation Barbarossa]], the Nazi operation to invade and occupy the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], was planned alongside the OUN-B's "Ukrainian national revolution". When the Nazis launched Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941, Bandera commanded the OUN-B to carry out their revolution. The Nazis wouldn't allow Bandera to visit his organization or the invaded territories, instead he had to command the revolution from Nazi-occupied Poland. Bandera explicitly gave instructions for the OUN-B to cleanse Ukraine of Jews.
+[[Operation Barbarossa]], the Nazi operation to invade and occupy the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], was planned alongside the OUN-B's "Ukrainian national revolution". When the Nazis launched Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941, Bandera commanded the OUN-B to carry out their revolution. The Nazis wouldn't allow Bandera to visit his organization or the invaded territories, instead he had to command the revolution from Nazi-occupied Poland. Bandera explicitly gave instructions for the OUN-B to cleanse Ukraine of Jews.<blockquote>"The Jews are to be isolated, removed from positions to avoid sabotage, Muscovites and Poles even more so. If there is an absolute need to retain, for example, a Jew in the economic administration, one of our militiamen must be placed over him, and should liquidate him for the slightest transgression. Only Ukrainians, not foreign enemies, can be leaders in the various branches of life. The assimilation of Jews is excluded."<ref>“Instruktsii Revoloiutsiinoho Provodu OUN(B) dlia orhanizatsiinoho aktyvu v Ukraini na period viiny. “Borot’ba i diialnist’ OUN pid chas viiny” H. Vkazivky na pershi dni orhanizatsii derzhavnoho zhyttia,” TsDAVO Ukrainy, f. 3833, op. 2, spr. 1, ark. 33–57.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>“Don’t throw away your weapons yet. Take them up. Destroy the enemy . . . People!—Know this!—Moscow, the Hungarians, the Jews—these are your enemies. Destroy them.”<ref>“Ukrains’kyi narode!” OUN(b) flyer, July 1, 1941, TsDAVO Ukrainy, f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 42, l. 35. See also Dieter Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944: Organization und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens, 2d ed. (Munich: Verlag Oldenburg, 1997), 57.</ref></blockquote>At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa the Nachtigall Battalion, a volunteer unit for the Brandenburger Commandos recruited exclusively from among the OUN(b) and commanded by Roman Shukheyvch, could rely on a local support network of the OUN to assist in identification of targets for liquidation and enthusiastic<ref>Berndt Boll, “Złoczów, July 1941: The Wehrmacht and the Beginning of the Holocaust in Galicia: From a Criticism of Photographs to a Revision of the Past,” in Omer Bartov, Atina Grossmann, and Mary Nolan, eds., Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (New York: The New Press, 2002), 73.</ref> assistance in the mass executions.
 ===Pogroms===
-On July 1st, 1941, the day after Lvov had been captured by the OUN and the Nazis, a pogrom occurred. The OUN-B began mass killing Jews while inciting the local population to participate. Thousands of Jewish residents of Lvov were taken out of their homes by locals and taken to prisons, being beaten along the way. In the prison they were mistreated and over-worked, leading to an overwhelming mortality. Of the 2000 Jewish inmates imprisoned in the Brygidki prison, only 80 survived. As the pogrom was being carried out, the Nazis were continuing the invasion of the Soviet Union, and the OUN-B was building their new state. They put up posters in their new capital of Lvov reading “Long Live Stepan Bandera, Long Live Adolf Hitler.”
+On July 1st, 1941, the day after Lvov had been captured by the OUN and the Nazis, a pogrom occurred. The OUN-B began mass killing Jews while inciting the local population to participate. Thousands of Jewish residents of Lvov were taken out of their homes by locals and taken to prisons, being beaten along the way. In the prison they were mistreated and over-worked, leading to an overwhelming mortality. Of the 2000 Jewish inmates imprisoned in the Brygidki prison, only 80 survived. As the pogrom was being carried out, the Nazis were continuing the invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], and the OUN-B was building their new state. They put up posters in their new capital of Lvov reading “Long Live Stepan Bandera, Long Live Adolf Hitler.”
-The OUN-B carried out many other pogroms. In July 1941, they murdered between 38,000 and 39,000 Jews in other towns surrounding Lvov.
+The OUN-B carried out 58<ref>Rudling, P.A. (2011) ‘The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths’, ''The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies'' [Preprint], (2107). Available at: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2011.164</nowiki>.</ref> progroms. In July 1941 they murdered between 38,000 and 39,000<ref>Dieter Pohl, “Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Western Ukraine: A Research Agenda,” in Barkan, Cole, and Struve, eds. Shared History—Divided Memory, 305–315.</ref> Jews in other towns surrounding Lvov.
+Because of their networking with other [[National Socialism|National Socialists]] in Europe during the repartition of the former austrian sphere of influence the OUN assumed that they could rally a sufficiently useful collaborator movement and act as the vanguard of ethnic cleansing of Russians to establish a culturally homogenous Ukraine, which the Nazis would have to contend with in their plans.
+Hitler disagreed and Bandera was interned in a concentration camp because his plans and fanaticism were incompatible with the goals of Generalplan Ost, which encompassed the genocide of Galicians as well. This did not negatively affect the de-facto collaboration between Germany and the OUN in practice. The OUN(b) continued acting as an official auxillery police to the Nazi state and it's only significant units capable of limited conventional combat were under direct command and leadership of the german military.
 ===Ghettos and concentration camps===
-The OUN-B established an organisation to carry out killings of Jews in western Ukraine called the Ukrainian People's Militsiya. This organization became the police of western Ukraine as instructed by the Nazis. The Ukrainian People's Militsiya alongside the Nazis transferred hundreds of thousands of Jews to ghettos and concentration camps. In the Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine, 97% of Jews were killed, whereas in the Kharkov Oblast of eastern Ukraine, 91% survived. The OUN-B was directly involved in the killing of some 820,000 Jews in concentration camps and ghettos.
+The OUN-B established an organisation to carry out killings of Jews in western Ukraine called the Ukrainian People's Militsiya. This organization became the police of western Ukraine as instructed by the Nazis. The Ukrainian People's Militsiya alongside the Nazis transferred hundreds of thousands of Jews to ghettos and concentration camps. In the Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine, 97% of Jews were killed, whereas ( for contrast) in the Kharkov Oblast of eastern Ukraine, 91% survived. The OUN-B was directly involved in the killing of some 820,000 Jews in concentration camps and ghettos.
 ==Death==
 On 15 October 1959, Bandera was poisoned with hydrogen cyanide by the [[KGB]] and died later that day.