Palestine - Revision history

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the Greater Israeli War */ Updated to reflect developments until 11/26/24

2024-11-27T02:13:23Z

Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the Greater Israeli War: Updated to reflect developments until 11/26/24

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war */

2024-09-24T22:50:50Z

Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:50, 24 September 2024
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	By September 19th, Israel air-struck southern Lebanon and Beirut over a hundred more times, damaging civilian infrastructure, killing about 360, and injuring over 1,200 people including civilian men, women, and children. This Israeli bombings marked the most intense campaign against Lebanon since October 2023. Hezbollah leader Nasrallah called this campaign against Lebanon a "declaration of war", and the next day the organization carried out bombings of northern Israel, targeting air defense bases. Further Israeli strikes came in the following days as Israel prepared for a ground invasion of Lebanon.		By September 19th, Israel air-struck southern Lebanon and Beirut over a hundred more times, damaging civilian infrastructure, killing about 360, and injuring over 1,200 people including civilian men, women, and children. This Israeli bombings marked the most intense campaign against Lebanon since October 2023. Hezbollah leader Nasrallah called this campaign against Lebanon a "declaration of war", and the next day the organization carried out bombings of northern Israel, targeting air defense bases. Further Israeli strikes came in the following days as Israel prepared for a ground invasion of Lebanon.

			Meanwhile, on September 24th, 2024, Israeli forces began launching missiles into Syria which were intercepted by Syrian anti-air defenses.

	===References===		===References===

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war */

2024-09-24T13:36:51Z

Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 24 September 2024
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	On the night of the second US presidential debate, September 10th, 2024, Israel struck Lebanon 16 times by air. On September 17th and 18th, Israel, having announced that one of their goals in the war was to eradicate Hezbollah (a far larger, better armed, and better trained force than Hamas comprised of many tens of thousands) in Lebanon, detonated a shipment of hundreds of pagers which were intercepted by the IDF and fitted with explosives before reaching Lebanon. Though 37 Hezbollah members were killed, civilian men, women, and children were also killed as the devices were detonated remotely in densely populated civilian areas, and nearly three thousand were injured over the three-day span. In Syria, a few Hezbollah members were injured by more pager attacks. This heinous tactic, including manufacture of the pagers, was prepared for fifteen years by Israel-- it was rejected for use by the CIA due to the high civilian casualty risk.		On the night of the second US presidential debate, September 10th, 2024, Israel struck Lebanon 16 times by air. On September 17th and 18th, Israel, having announced that one of their goals in the war was to eradicate Hezbollah (a far larger, better armed, and better trained force than Hamas comprised of many tens of thousands) in Lebanon, detonated a shipment of hundreds of pagers which were intercepted by the IDF and fitted with explosives before reaching Lebanon. Though 37 Hezbollah members were killed, civilian men, women, and children were also killed as the devices were detonated remotely in densely populated civilian areas, and nearly three thousand were injured over the three-day span. In Syria, a few Hezbollah members were injured by more pager attacks. This heinous tactic, including manufacture of the pagers, was prepared for fifteen years by Israel-- it was rejected for use by the CIA due to the high civilian casualty risk.

	By September 19th, Israel air-struck southern Lebanon and Beirut over a hundred more times, damaging civilian infrastructure, killing ~~(X)~~, and injuring over ~~(X)~~ civilian men, women, and children. This Israeli bombings marked the most intense campaign against Lebanon since October 2023. Hezbollah leader Nasrallah called this campaign against Lebanon a "declaration of war", and the next day the organization carried out bombings of northern Israel, targeting air defense bases.		By September 19th, Israel air-struck southern Lebanon and Beirut over a hundred more times, damaging civilian infrastructure, killing about 360, and injuring over 1,200 people including civilian men, women, and children. This Israeli bombings marked the most intense campaign against Lebanon since October 2023. Hezbollah leader Nasrallah called this campaign against Lebanon a "declaration of war", and the next day the organization carried out bombings of northern Israel, targeting air defense bases. Further Israeli strikes came in the following days as Israel prepared for a ground invasion of Lebanon.

	===References===		===References===

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Balfour Declaration */

2024-09-20T21:54:15Z

Balfour Declaration

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:54, 20 September 2024
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	"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."		"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."

	Why did Britain support Zionism? Mouin Rabbani said of Britain's reasoning:		Why did Britain support Zionism? Mouin Rabbani said of Britain's reasoning:<blockquote>"...Zionism, I think, would have emerged and disappeared as yet one more utopian political project had it not been for the British, what the preeminent Palestinian historian, Walid Khalidi, has termed the British Shield, because I think without the British sponsorship, we wouldn’t be having this discussion today [on the Israel-Palestine conflict]."

	"...Zionism, I think, would have emerged and disappeared as yet one more utopian political project had it not been for the British, what the preeminent Palestinian historian, Walid Khalidi, has termed the British Shield, because I think without the British sponsorship, we wouldn’t be having this discussion today [on the Israel-Palestine conflict]."

	"The British sponsored Zionism for a very simple reason, which is that during World War I, the Ottoman armies attempted to march on the Suez Canal. Suez Canal was the jugular vein of the British Empire between Europe and India, and the British came to the conclusion that they needed to secure the Suez Canal from any threat. And as the British have done so often in so many places, how do you deal with this? Well, you bring in a foreign minority, implant them amongst a hostile population, and establish a protectorate over them. I don’t think a Jewish state in Palestine had been part of British intentions, and the Balfour Declaration very specifically speaks about a Jewish national home in Palestine, in other words, a British protectorate. Things ended up taking a different course, and I think the most important development was World War II, and I think this had maybe less to do with the Holocaust and more to do with the effective bankruptcy of the United Kingdom during that war, and its inability to sustain its global empire.		"The British sponsored Zionism for a very simple reason, which is that during World War I, the Ottoman armies attempted to march on the Suez Canal. Suez Canal was the jugular vein of the British Empire between Europe and India, and the British came to the conclusion that they needed to secure the Suez Canal from any threat. And as the British have done so often in so many places, how do you deal with this? Well, you bring in a foreign minority, implant them amongst a hostile population, and establish a protectorate over them. I don’t think a Jewish state in Palestine had been part of British intentions, and the Balfour Declaration very specifically speaks about a Jewish national home in Palestine, in other words, a British protectorate. Things ended up taking a different course, and I think the most important development was World War II, and I think this had maybe less to do with the Holocaust and more to do with the effective bankruptcy of the United Kingdom during that war, and its inability to sustain its global empire.

	"It [The United Kingdom] ended up giving up India, ended up giving up Palestine, and it’s in that context, I think, that we need to see the emergence of a Jewish state in Palestine-- and again, a Jewish state means a state in which the Jewish community enjoys not only a demographic majority, but an uncontestable demographic majority, an uncontestable territorial hegemony, and uncontestable political supremacy. And that is also why after 1948, the nascent Israeli state confiscated, I believe, up to 90% of lands that had been previously owned by Palestinians who became citizens of Israel."		"It [The United Kingdom] ended up giving up India, ended up giving up Palestine, and it’s in that context, I think, that we need to see the emergence of a Jewish state in Palestine-- and again, a Jewish state means a state in which the Jewish community enjoys not only a demographic majority, but an uncontestable demographic majority, an uncontestable territorial hegemony, and uncontestable political supremacy. And that is also why after 1948, the nascent Israeli state confiscated, I believe, up to 90% of lands that had been previously owned by Palestinians who became citizens of Israel."</blockquote>The main interest of the British was securing their shipping routes through the Suez Canal during the Empire's decline and the transition to an American-led unipole, completed after World War II. After a meeting with Chaim Weizmann, former Prime Minister Lloyd George said that the European Jews would serve Britain better than Arabs as protectors of the Suez canal. The interests of the Zionists in doing so were formal recognition and material support for their future artificial sovereignty; in other words, full support in their endeavors to build a Jewish nation-state. Thus, Zionism is, at root, not only a ''false'' (Mendelssohnian) theocratic-nationalist movement of European Jewry; but also an ''expansionist'' movement as an extension of the imperialist system. The Nazis called such expansionism Lebensraum, or "living room", when they annexed Czechoslovakia for Germans to settle in.

	The main interest of the British was securing their shipping routes through the Suez Canal during the Empire's decline and the transition to an American unipole, completed after World War II. After a meeting with Chaim Weizmann, former Prime Minister Lloyd George said that the European Jews would serve Britain better than Arabs as protectors of the Suez canal. The interests of the Zionists in doing so were formal recognition and material support for their future artificial sovereignty; in other words, full support in their endeavors to build a Jewish nation-state. Thus, Zionism is, at root, not only a ''false'' (Mendelssohnian) theocratic-nationalist movement of European Jewry; but also an ''expansionist'' movement as an extension of the imperialist system. The Nazis called such expansionism Lebensraum, or "living room", when they annexed Czechoslovakia for Germans to settle in.

	This connection is made evident by the olive branch extended by the Lehi to the Nazis during World War II; as well as the Haganah's armed defense of Israeli settlers in the lead up to the 1947 UN Partition Plan and subsequent expulsion of the pre-existing population (called "transfer" by some Zionists and their supporters; called "Nakba" or "catastrophe" by the refugees who were expelled and anti-Zionists). However, the immediate connections between Zionism and Nazism, between the Zionists in Palestine and Nazi Germany, are not only ideological, but economic and political as well.		This connection is made evident by the olive branch extended by the Lehi to the Nazis during World War II; as well as the Haganah's armed defense of Israeli settlers in the lead up to the 1947 UN Partition Plan and subsequent expulsion of the pre-existing population (called "transfer" by some Zionists and their supporters; called "Nakba" or "catastrophe" by the refugees who were expelled and anti-Zionists). However, the immediate connections between Zionism and Nazism, between the Zionists in Palestine and Nazi Germany, are not only ideological, but economic and political as well.
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	"On April 15, 1936, members of the guerrilla band founded by Shaykh ‘Izz al-Din al-Qassam held up cars and buses near Nablus, killing two Jewish passengers. Two days later a right-wing Jewish paramilitary group retaliated by killing two Arabs. Arab protests soon erupted throughout the country, gradually taking on the character of a broad-based anticolonial and anti-Zionist popular uprising. To contain the violence and channel the upsurge from below, Arab nationalist activists quickly called for a countrywide general strike. The strike spread rapidly, as did new “national committees” which sprang up to lead the struggle in all the major towns. Taken by surprise, the elite politicians tried to catch up with and ride the wave of popular energy by endorsing the strike call and forming a new Arab Higher Committee (AHC) on which all the major parties were represented, with Amin al-Husayni as its president."		"On April 15, 1936, members of the guerrilla band founded by Shaykh ‘Izz al-Din al-Qassam held up cars and buses near Nablus, killing two Jewish passengers. Two days later a right-wing Jewish paramilitary group retaliated by killing two Arabs. Arab protests soon erupted throughout the country, gradually taking on the character of a broad-based anticolonial and anti-Zionist popular uprising. To contain the violence and channel the upsurge from below, Arab nationalist activists quickly called for a countrywide general strike. The strike spread rapidly, as did new “national committees” which sprang up to lead the struggle in all the major towns. Taken by surprise, the elite politicians tried to catch up with and ride the wave of popular energy by endorsing the strike call and forming a new Arab Higher Committee (AHC) on which all the major parties were represented, with Amin al-Husayni as its president."

	The Mufti, who first was appointed to power and thereby funded by British intelligence, rejected British rule in the wake of the 1936 Palestinian-Arab revolts in order to harness the energy of the mass movement. He hoped to become a Western agent embedded in Arab leadership ~~most likely~~. What began as peaceful protests against British rule were harnessed by al-Husseini and his forces, turned into violent action against the British and Jews in Palestine and Iraq.		The Mufti, who first was appointed to power and thereby funded by British intelligence, rejected British rule in the wake of the 1936 Palestinian-Arab revolts in order to harness the energy of the mass movement. He hoped to become a Western agent embedded in Arab leadership, as evidenced by the AHC proposal. What began as peaceful protests against British rule were harnessed by al-Husseini and his forces, turned into violent action against the British and Jews in Palestine and Iraq.

	However, the revolt was not entirely violent. In fact, it was mostly peaceful.		However, the revolt was not entirely violent. In fact, it was mostly peaceful.

	In 1922, in response to Zionists calling for a boycott of Arab produce and labor, ~~as well as~~ the exclusion of Arabs from Jewish communities and forbidding of Arabs purchasing land from Jews, the fifth Arab Congress called for a boycott of Jewish goods. From the time of the British Mandate until today, the Palestinians have called upon international organizations such as the UN for diplomatic intervention. Palestinians held a general strike in 1936 against Zionism and British rule. Urban workers and rural workers shut down transportation, harbors, and other sectors for six months-- the longest general strike in history.		The resistance began long before the 1930s. In 1922, a year before Amin al-Husseini was appointed by the British, and in response to Zionists calling for a boycott of Arab produce and labor, the exclusion of Arabs from Jewish communities, and forbidding of Arabs purchasing land from Jews, the fifth Arab Congress called for a boycott of Jewish goods. From the time of the British Mandate until today, the Palestinians have called upon international organizations such as the UN for diplomatic intervention. Palestinians held a general strike in 1936 against Zionism and British rule. Urban workers and rural workers shut down transportation, harbors, and other sectors for six months-- the longest general strike in history.

	These actions ~~not only~~ demonstrate Palestinian peaceful resistance at the time, ~~but~~ continue to undermine the narrative painting Arabs (Palestinians particularly) as always choosing violent resistance first.		These actions both demonstrate Palestinian peaceful resistance at the time, and continue to undermine the narrative painting Arabs (Palestinians particularly) as always choosing violent resistance first.

	From Lockman:		From Lockman:
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	According to the Sovinform article:		According to the Sovinform article:

	"...[T]he Mufti had been the head of the ‘Jaysh Al-Jihad Al-Moqaddas’, translated to English as the ‘Sacred Struggle Army’ or the ‘Holy Jihad Army’, an army of terror created by the direct order of Hitler in 1944, furnished with arms by the SS, parachuted from Germany into Palestine by Sheikh Hasan Salameh (father to the commander of the Fatah’s commando forces, the infamous CIA spy Ali Hasan Salameh), directed by a nucleus of 60 Nazi Palestinian jihadists trained in Nazi-occupied Netherlands during the Great Patriotic War [(World War II)], and operationally commanded by the SS-trained commando Abdel-Qader Al-Husseini. [...] The Mufti cannot in the least be regarded as 'only one Nazi.' Rather, he led a powerful army of SS operatives, whose goal during the 1948 War was not to fight the Haganah and Irgun but to wage war on the Palmach and the kibbutzim."		"...[T]he Mufti had been the head of the ‘Jaysh Al-Jihad Al-Moqaddas’ (translated to English as the ‘Sacred Struggle Army’ or the ‘Holy Jihad Army’), an army of terror created by the direct order of Hitler in 1944, furnished with arms by the SS, parachuted from Germany into Palestine by Sheikh Hasan Salameh (father to the commander of the Fatah’s commando forces, the infamous CIA spy Ali Hasan Salameh), directed by a nucleus of 60 Nazi Palestinian jihadists trained in Nazi-occupied Netherlands during the Great Patriotic War [(World War II)], and operationally commanded by the SS-trained commando Abdel-Qader Al-Husseini. [...] The Mufti cannot in the least be regarded as 'only one Nazi.' Rather, he led a powerful army of SS operatives, whose goal during the 1948 War was not to fight the Haganah and Irgun but to wage war on the Palmach and the kibbutzim."

	The Haganah (1920-1948), later the Mossad~~/IDF~~ (Israeli intelligence), served as a ''de facto'' military force which defended the (largely ~~non-preexisting~~) Jewish population. According to Israeli Prime Minister and historian Yitzhak Ben-Ami, as well as multiple Israeli outlets, the Bitzur branch of the Zionist paramilitary organization Haganah worked to encourage Jews to emigrate to Israel ~~including~~ from Arab states. This was another tactic employed to create an disproportionate and artificial Jewish population in Palestine.		The Haganah (1920-1948), later the IDF under the Mossad framework (Israeli intelligence), served as a ''de facto'' military force which defended the (largely imported) Jewish population. According to Israeli Prime Minister and historian Yitzhak Ben-Ami, as well as multiple Israeli outlets, the Bitzur branch of the Zionist paramilitary organization Haganah worked to encourage Jews to emigrate to Israel, especially from Arab and European states. This was another tactic employed to create an disproportionate and artificial Jewish population in Palestine, which would ultimately serve the ends of the British, French, and American powers.
	[[File:Immigration.webp\|thumb\|Graph depicting the 26-year period in which Jews from all over the world, especially Jewish displaced persons from Europe, immigrated to Palestine]]		[[File:Immigration.webp\|thumb\|Graph depicting the 26-year period in which Jews from all over the world, especially Jewish displaced persons from Europe, immigrated to Palestine]]
	Meanwhile, the Irgun (1931-1948) was another Zionist military organization headed by Vladimir Jabotinsky which attacked Arabs wantonly, unlike the Haganah which cooperated openly with the British military and security forces and acted deliberately.		Meanwhile, the Irgun (1931-1948) was another Zionist military organization headed by Vladimir Jabotinsky which attacked Arabs wantonly, unlike the Haganah which cooperated openly with the British military and security forces and acted deliberately in its terror attacks.

	Also from the Sovinform article:		Also from the Sovinform article:
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	In late August 2024, the IDF preemptively struck Lebanon after announcing it was their intention in a press briefing.		In late August 2024, the IDF preemptively struck Lebanon after announcing it was their intention in a press briefing.

	On the night of the second US presidential debate, September 10th, 2024, Israel struck Lebanon 16 times, and ~~on September 16th hundreds~~ of ~~Lebanese civilians as well as~~ a ~~handful~~ of Hezbollah members were killed ~~by their pagers~~, ~~which~~ were ~~rigged with explosives by~~ the ~~Mossad~~. ~~A small group of~~ Hezbollah ~~fighters in Syria~~ were injured ~~as well when their~~ pagers ~~exploded~~.		On the night of the second US presidential debate, September 10th, 2024, Israel struck Lebanon 16 times by air. On September 17th and 18th, Israel, having announced that one of their goals in the war was to eradicate Hezbollah (a far larger, better armed, and better trained force than Hamas comprised of many tens of thousands) in Lebanon, detonated a shipment of hundreds of pagers which were intercepted by the IDF and fitted with explosives before reaching Lebanon. Though 37 Hezbollah members were killed, civilian men, women, and children were also killed as the devices were detonated remotely in densely populated civilian areas, and nearly three thousand were injured over the three-day span. In Syria, a few Hezbollah members were injured by more pager attacks. This heinous tactic, including manufacture of the pagers, was prepared for fifteen years by Israel-- it was rejected for use by the CIA due to the high civilian casualty risk.

			By September 19th, Israel air-struck southern Lebanon and Beirut over a hundred more times, damaging civilian infrastructure, killing (X), and injuring over (X) civilian men, women, and children. This Israeli bombings marked the most intense campaign against Lebanon since October 2023. Hezbollah leader Nasrallah called this campaign against Lebanon a "declaration of war", and the next day the organization carried out bombings of northern Israel, targeting air defense bases.

	===References===		===References===
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	https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-exploding-pagers-8893a09816410959b6fe94aec124461b#https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-exploding-pagers-8893a09816410959b6fe94aec124461b		https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-exploding-pagers-8893a09816410959b6fe94aec124461b#https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-exploding-pagers-8893a09816410959b6fe94aec124461b

			https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGbM5CLx9hU

			https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4woPszTN2GY

			https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-hand-manufacturing-pagers-exploded-lebanon-source/story?id=113851347

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Sykes-Picot Agreement */ grammar etc

2024-09-19T13:06:23Z

Sykes-Picot Agreement: grammar etc

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Islamic Rule (Islamic Middle Ages - 1918) */

2024-09-18T17:35:32Z

Islamic Rule (Islamic Middle Ages - 1918)

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:35, 18 September 2024
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	"This is what Khalid ibn al-Walid would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus if he enters therein: he promises to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Their city wall shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. Thereunto we give them the pact of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the caliphs and the believers. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them."		"This is what Khalid ibn al-Walid would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus if he enters therein: he promises to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Their city wall shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. Thereunto we give them the pact of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the caliphs and the believers. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them."

	Umar's Assurance granted the ~~Christians~~ of Aelia protection as ~~they did all others~~. It reads, as reported by al-Tabari:		Umar's Assurance granted the people of Aelia protection as Christians. It reads, as reported by al-Tabari:

	"In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. This is the assurance of safety which the servant of God, ʿUmar, the Commander of the Faithful, has given to the people of Aelia. He has given them an assurance of safety for themselves, for their property, their churches, their crosses, the sick and healthy of the city and for all the rituals which belong to their religion. Their churches will not be inhabited by Muslims and will not be destroyed. Neither they, nor the land on which they stand, nor their cross, nor their property will be damaged. They will not be forcibly converted. And Jews will not live in Aelia with them. The people of Jerusalem must pay the taxes like the people of other cities and must expel the Byzantines and the robbers. Those of the people of Jerusalem who want to leave with the Byzantines, take their property and abandon their churches and crosses will be safe until they reachtheir place of refuge. The villagers [who had taken refuge in the city at the time of the conquest] may remain in the city if they wish but must pay taxes like the citizens. Those who wish may go with the Byzantines and those who wish may return to their families. Nothing is to be taken from them before their harvest is reaped.		"In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. This is the assurance of safety which the servant of God, ʿUmar, the Commander of the Faithful, has given to the people of Aelia. He has given them an assurance of safety for themselves, for their property, their churches, their crosses, the sick and healthy of the city and for all the rituals which belong to their religion. Their churches will not be inhabited by Muslims and will not be destroyed. Neither they, nor the land on which they stand, nor their cross, nor their property will be damaged. They will not be forcibly converted. And Jews will not live in Aelia with them. The people of Jerusalem must pay the taxes like the people of other cities and must expel the Byzantines and the robbers. Those of the people of Jerusalem who want to leave with the Byzantines, take their property and abandon their churches and crosses will be safe until they reachtheir place of refuge. The villagers [who had taken refuge in the city at the time of the conquest] may remain in the city if they wish but must pay taxes like the citizens. Those who wish may go with the Byzantines and those who wish may return to their families. Nothing is to be taken from them before their harvest is reaped.

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Islamic Rule (Islamic Middle Ages - 1918) */ Umar's Assurance

2024-09-18T17:33:54Z

Islamic Rule (Islamic Middle Ages - 1918): Umar's Assurance

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:33, 18 September 2024
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	"This is what Khalid ibn al-Walid would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus if he enters therein: he promises to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Their city wall shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. Thereunto we give them the pact of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the caliphs and the believers. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them."		"This is what Khalid ibn al-Walid would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus if he enters therein: he promises to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Their city wall shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. Thereunto we give them the pact of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the caliphs and the believers. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them."

			Umar's Assurance granted the Christians of Aelia protection as they did all others. It reads, as reported by al-Tabari:

			"In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. This is the assurance of safety which the servant of God, ʿUmar, the Commander of the Faithful, has given to the people of Aelia. He has given them an assurance of safety for themselves, for their property, their churches, their crosses, the sick and healthy of the city and for all the rituals which belong to their religion. Their churches will not be inhabited by Muslims and will not be destroyed. Neither they, nor the land on which they stand, nor their cross, nor their property will be damaged. They will not be forcibly converted. And Jews will not live in Aelia with them. The people of Jerusalem must pay the taxes like the people of other cities and must expel the Byzantines and the robbers. Those of the people of Jerusalem who want to leave with the Byzantines, take their property and abandon their churches and crosses will be safe until they reachtheir place of refuge. The villagers [who had taken refuge in the city at the time of the conquest] may remain in the city if they wish but must pay taxes like the citizens. Those who wish may go with the Byzantines and those who wish may return to their families. Nothing is to be taken from them before their harvest is reaped.
			If they pay their taxes according to their obligations, then the conditions laid out in this letter are under the covenant of God, are the responsibility of His Prophet, of the caliphs and of the faithful.”

	The tax imposed upon non-Muslims by a Muslim state is called the ''Jizya''. It is required to be paid not for the sake of humiliation or economic gain, but in exchange for the administrative protection of those to whom Islam refers as "People of the Book", non-Muslims, or ''dhimmi''. In the Palestine region during this time, the dhimmi were made up largely of Byzantine and heterodox Christians as well as Jews. In many other areas, the ''dhimmi'' included Zoroastrians. non-Muslims were guaranteed their right to practice their religions, which was greeted with thunderous applause by the dhimmi across Egypt and modern-day Syria and Palestine. This, combined with the later expansion across the East, cemented the foundations of a shared Arab civilizational history and the notion of an Arab civilization-state.		The tax imposed upon non-Muslims by a Muslim state is called the ''Jizya''. It is required to be paid not for the sake of humiliation or economic gain, but in exchange for the administrative protection of those to whom Islam refers as "People of the Book", non-Muslims, or ''dhimmi''. In the Palestine region during this time, the dhimmi were made up largely of Byzantine and heterodox Christians as well as Jews. In many other areas, the ''dhimmi'' included Zoroastrians. non-Muslims were guaranteed their right to practice their religions, which was greeted with thunderous applause by the dhimmi across Egypt and modern-day Syria and Palestine. This, combined with the later expansion across the East, cemented the foundations of a shared Arab civilizational history and the notion of an Arab civilization-state.

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war */

2024-09-17T18:06:19Z

Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:06, 17 September 2024
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	On August 13th, Haaretz reported that the Israeli military is using captured Palestinian civilians as human shields to test for booby traps and mines in the tunnels of Gaza, with permittance by senior officials. This, coupled with videos of human shields and hostages blindfolded and handcuffed– one even strapped to a car in July of 2024– reveal the extent to which the IDF hypocritically chides Palestinian resistance to Israeli occupation.		On August 13th, Haaretz reported that the Israeli military is using captured Palestinian civilians as human shields to test for booby traps and mines in the tunnels of Gaza, with permittance by senior officials. This, coupled with videos of human shields and hostages blindfolded and handcuffed– one even strapped to a car in July of 2024– reveal the extent to which the IDF hypocritically chides Palestinian resistance to Israeli occupation.

	In late August 2024, the IDF preemptively struck Lebanon.		In late August 2024, the IDF preemptively struck Lebanon after announcing it was their intention in a press briefing.

			On the night of the second US presidential debate, September 10th, 2024, Israel struck Lebanon 16 times, and on September 16th hundreds of Lebanese civilians as well as a handful of Hezbollah members were killed by their pagers, which were rigged with explosives by the Mossad. A small group of Hezbollah fighters in Syria were injured as well when their pagers exploded.

	===References===		===References===
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	https://theintercept.com/2024/08/09/israel-prison-sde-teiman-palestinian-abuse-torture/		https://theintercept.com/2024/08/09/israel-prison-sde-teiman-palestinian-abuse-torture/

			https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-07-09/pagers-and-drones-how-hezbollah-aims-to-counter-israels-high-tech-surveillance

			https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-exploding-pagers-8893a09816410959b6fe94aec124461b#https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-exploding-pagers-8893a09816410959b6fe94aec124461b

imported>SullivanGLavish at 17:28, 25 August 2024

2024-08-25T17:28:10Z

@@ Line 769: / Line 769: @@
 The US government continued to send massive bombs to Israel, even as some American politicians pandered and pretended to care about Palestinian civilians. The Zionist entity has used said bombs to strike schools between June and August 2024, which are some of the only presupposedly safe structures left in the strip, housing families, women, and children. In central and southern Gaza, in Khan Younis and Deir el-Balah ground forces intensified their ground occupation and bombing campaigns; residents of Khan Younis who fled the Israeli bombing campaign over the final week of July returned to find extensive and severe destruction left by the Israel withdrawl; 30 or more killed in Shufat refugee camp outside East Jerusalem, including small children; at least 40 killed in Deir el-Balah markets and schools, including a family of fifteen.
 In late August 2024, the IDF preemptively struck Lebanon.
@@ Line 1,373: / Line 1,377: @@
 https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-they-conducted-military-operations-gulf-aden-israels-eilat-2024-07-14/

imported>SullivanGLavish: /* Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war */

2024-08-25T03:22:04Z

Operation Al-Aqsa Mosque (2023) and the subsequent Palestinian-Israeli war

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:22, 25 August 2024
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	Israel tried to provoke Hezbollah and Iran in multiple ways over the summer of 2024: It bombed southern Lebanon, killed Lebanese civilians, and even constructed and employed trebuchets, launching firebombs over the border wall. But in addition to these indefensible acts, it assassinated Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh while in Tehran as well as Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut in July 2024. Iran in August said they did not plan to retaliate after tensions ran high for weeks-- so high that Israeli and American media claimed a retaliatory attack was immanent within 24 hours for the entire week following the strike on Shukr.		Israel tried to provoke Hezbollah and Iran in multiple ways over the summer of 2024: It bombed southern Lebanon, killed Lebanese civilians, and even constructed and employed trebuchets, launching firebombs over the border wall. But in addition to these indefensible acts, it assassinated Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh while in Tehran as well as Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut in July 2024. Iran in August said they did not plan to retaliate after tensions ran high for weeks-- so high that Israeli and American media claimed a retaliatory attack was immanent within 24 hours for the entire week following the strike on Shukr.

	Additionally in July 2024, the Houthis launched two drone attacks on Israel, which outmaneuvered Israel's Iron Dome systems and did not trigger warning systems. ~~Without Israel's allies helping to deflect these drones as they did in the earlier Iranian attack, one man was killed in Tel Aviv on July 19th. Earlier, on~~ July 14th in the port city of Eilat, the Houthis carried out a drone attack in response to Israel's missile strike on about 400 Palestinians, 90 of whom were killed and 300 injured.		Additionally, in July 2024 the Houthis launched two drone attacks on Israel, which outmaneuvered Israel's Iron Dome systems and did not trigger warning systems. On July 14th in the port city of Eilat, the Houthis carried out a drone attack in response to Israel's missile strike on about 400 Palestinians, 90 of whom were killed and 300 injured. Later, without Israel's allies helping to deflect these drones as they did in the earlier Iranian attack, one man was killed and 10 injured in Tel Aviv on July 19th.

	The US government continued to send massive bombs to Israel, even as some American politicians pandered and pretended to care about Palestinian civilians. The Zionist entity has used said bombs to strike schools between June and August 2024, which are some of the only presupposedly safe structures left in the strip, housing families, women, and children. In central and southern Gaza, in Khan Younis and Deir el-Balah ground forces intensified their ground occupation and bombing campaigns; residents of Khan Younis who fled the Israeli bombing campaign over the final week of July returned to find extensive and severe destruction left by the Israel withdrawl; 30 or more killed in Shufat refugee camp outside East Jerusalem, including small children; at least 40 killed in Deir el-Balah markets and schools, including a family of fifteen.		The US government continued to send massive bombs to Israel, even as some American politicians pandered and pretended to care about Palestinian civilians. The Zionist entity has used said bombs to strike schools between June and August 2024, which are some of the only presupposedly safe structures left in the strip, housing families, women, and children. In central and southern Gaza, in Khan Younis and Deir el-Balah ground forces intensified their ground occupation and bombing campaigns; residents of Khan Younis who fled the Israeli bombing campaign over the final week of July returned to find extensive and severe destruction left by the Israel withdrawl; 30 or more killed in Shufat refugee camp outside East Jerusalem, including small children; at least 40 killed in Deir el-Balah markets and schools, including a family of fifteen.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:06, 19 September 2024
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	=====Sykes-Picot Agreement=====		=====Sykes-Picot Agreement=====

	Throughout WW1 (1914-1918), Jews averaged 11% of the total population of the Palestinian region of the Ottoman province ("Vilayet") of Syria. The British had guaranteed a Jewish state in the holy land as early as 1914, while at the same time telling the Ottoman Syrians that they would have a free nation. Of course, this was before the Ottomans ~~allies~~ with Germany and the Central Powers.		Throughout WW1 (1914-1918), Jews averaged 11% of the total population of the Palestinian region of the Ottoman province ("Vilayet") of Syria. The British had guaranteed a Jewish state in the holy land as early as 1914, while at the same time telling the Ottoman Syrians that they would have a free nation. Of course, this was before the Ottomans allied with Germany and the Central Powers.

	The French assured Faisal I of this and his father (Sharif Husseini) agreed to help the British fight the Ottomans on the premise of freeing the Arab world from invasion and subjugation by foreign powers after the war. Faisal played a leadership role in the Arab Revolution against the Ottomans, along with T.E. Lawrence. After the war, however, the French and British told Faisal they'd lied to him, and that the Sykes-Picot plan was already in place to be ratified by the time Jerusalem fell. Faisal I fled west into Syria, where he was chosen to rule Syria as king by the Syrian National Congress. He ruled from March to July 1920, when the French sent troops to expel him. Instead, Faisal came again under the wing of Britain, who arranged for him to rule as King of Iraq under British administration at the Cairo Conference in March 1921. Faisal's brother Abdullah was given the Kingdom of Jordan. Following Faisal's expulsion, the French claimed Syria and governed it as a French Mandate. Faisal believed in a Syrian state which would take on a universal and civilizational character, but it never came to pass. However, he tried to realize a universal civilization state in Iraq.<blockquote>"There is no meaning for words like Jews, Muslims, and Christians within the concept of nationalism. This is simply a country called Iraq and all are Iraqis." - King Faisal of Iraq</blockquote>In the first world war, the Ottomans were not equipped to fight the British and French. They were poorly trained and their weaponry was not as advanced. As British forces planned to take Istanbul via the Gallipoli peninsula, they were defeated in a rare Ottoman victory in 1915. However, by 1920, the British and French had fought their way into the Ottoman capital and occupied it. Jerusalem surrendered earlier, on December 9th, 1917, and was taken by the British by the end of the month.		The French assured Faisal I of this and his father (Sharif Husseini) agreed to help the British fight the Ottomans on the premise of freeing the Arab world from invasion and subjugation by foreign powers after the war. Faisal played a leadership role in the Arab Revolution against the Ottomans, along with T.E. Lawrence. After the war, however, the French and British told Faisal they'd lied to him, and that the Sykes-Picot plan was already in place to be ratified by the time Jerusalem fell. Faisal I fled west into Syria, where he was chosen to rule Syria as king by the Syrian National Congress. He ruled from March to July 1920, when the French sent troops to expel him. Instead, Faisal came again under the wing of Britain, who arranged for him to rule as King of Iraq under British administration at the Cairo Conference in March 1921. Faisal's brother Abdullah was given the Kingdom of Jordan. Following Faisal's expulsion, the French claimed Syria and governed it as a French Mandate. Faisal believed in a Syrian state which would take on a universal and civilizational character, but it never came to pass. However, he tried to realize a universal civilization state in Iraq.<blockquote>"There is no meaning for words like Jews, Muslims, and Christians within the concept of nationalism. This is simply a country called Iraq and all are Iraqis." - King Faisal of Iraq</blockquote>In the first world war, the Ottomans were not equipped to fight the British and French. They were poorly trained and their weaponry was not as advanced. As British forces planned to take Istanbul via the Gallipoli peninsula, they were defeated in a rare Ottoman victory in 1915. However, by 1920, the British and French had fought their way into the Ottoman capital and occupied it. Jerusalem surrendered earlier, on December 9th, 1917, and was taken by the British by the end of the month.
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	The League of Nations was formed in 1920 to enforce peace of a unipolar and cosmopolitan nature across the world. The League ratified the Treaty of Sévres in 1922, formally granting Britain internationally-recognized control over what was henceforth the British Mandate of Palestine. This division of the Middle East was a major disaster for Arab-Western relations as it not only subjugated the peoples, but arbitrarily drew borders through communities and lands with deep historical, cultural, religious, and ethnic interconnection. The Treaty of Sévres sparked the beginning of Arab nationalism.		The League of Nations was formed in 1920 to enforce peace of a unipolar and cosmopolitan nature across the world. The League ratified the Treaty of Sévres in 1922, formally granting Britain internationally-recognized control over what was henceforth the British Mandate of Palestine. This division of the Middle East was a major disaster for Arab-Western relations as it not only subjugated the peoples, but arbitrarily drew borders through communities and lands with deep historical, cultural, religious, and ethnic interconnection. The Treaty of Sévres sparked the beginning of Arab nationalism.

	This and future agreements underscore the transition into the imperialist system from the old imperialist ~~(colonial)~~ system in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century. The land which was already conquered was being divided up by the European imperialist powers. The old imperialism of colonies, pillaging, and enslavement via direct military domination was waning in the era of finance capital; the new imperialism of monopolism and economic domination was emerging.		This and future agreements underscore the transition into the monopoly-imperialist system from the old colonial-imperialist system in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century. The land which was already conquered was being divided up by the European imperialist powers. The old imperialism of colonies, pillaging, and enslavement via direct military domination was waning in the era of finance capital; the new imperialism of monopolism and economic domination was emerging.

	This was the true essence of both World Wars-- they were ''inter-imperialist'' wars, fought by ~~powerful countries~~ to carve up "spheres of influence"~~, to~~ monopolize the vast resources, including land and labor, of all the nations of Earth. With the unipolar world emerging out of the chaotic non-polarized pre-Mongolian world (i.e. with monopolist states laying claim to the entire world), they warred over which nation was to become the "unipole", or the single pole of power in the world. This sometimes meant ''"allying"'' with their competitor nations to wipe out non-competitors.		This was the true essence of both World Wars-- they were ''inter-imperialist'' wars, fought by European powers to carve up "spheres of influence" and monopolize the vast resources, including land and labor, of all the nations of Earth. With the unipolar world emerging out of the chaotic non-polarized pre-Mongolian world (i.e. with monopolist states laying claim to the entire world), they warred over which nation was to become the "unipole", or the single pole of power in the world. This sometimes meant ''"allying"'' with their competitor nations to wipe out non-competitors, just as monopoly combines (syndicates, cartels, trusts, etc) did in this period.

	We have thus seen since the Crusades a joint operation by the Western powers, with their center moved from Constantinople to London and later to Washington D.C., to carve up the Middle East and subjugate the population.		We have thus seen, since the Crusades, a joint operation by the Western powers, with their center moved from Constantinople to London and later to Washington D.C., to carve up the Middle East and subjugate the population.

	With regards to Arab nationalism, its origins lay in the Other. Arab nationalism was a reaction to the Turkish nationalism of the Young Turks, which was a reaction to Armenian and Slavic nationalism supported by the Romanovs, themselves inspired by Europe. Ultimately this all shows that the larger problem is rooted in nationalism.		With regards to Arab nationalism, its origins lay in the Other. Arab nationalism was a reaction to the Turkish nationalism of the Young Turks, which was a reaction to Armenian and Slavic nationalism supported by the Romanovs, themselves inspired by Europe. Ultimately this all shows that the larger problem is rooted in nationalism.
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	In addition to Arab nationalism came a resurgence in struggle for Islamic theocracy, except this time it was in the context of unipolar modernity.		In addition to Arab nationalism came a resurgence in struggle for Islamic theocracy, except this time it was in the context of unipolar modernity.

	The Muslim Brotherhood (MB) was a Sunni organization in the Arab world, which was founded in 1928 by the scholar and teacher Hassan al-Banna. He believed a universal pan-Islamic authority spanning the Arab world could be attained by promoting Islamic ways of life through civil society and social services; some might say much in the vein of Karl Kautsky, the cosmopolitan bourgeois socialist of the inter-war 2nd International. The MB is reformist first and foremost, idealist and universalist in it's vision-- this mode of politics amounts to political activism and charity, as well as diplomatic and reformist political ends. The MB spread to Palestine in the 1940s in the West Bank. Having a large presence in countries across Northern Africa and Middle East, they only worked with the local militaries. This move was successful in Egypt helping the Free Officers rise to power, but less so in other countries where the Brotherhood was either suppressed or couped.		The Muslim Brotherhood (MB) was a Sunni organization in the Arab world, which was founded in 1928 by the scholar and teacher Hassan al-Banna. He believed a universal pan-Islamic authority spanning the Arab world could be attained by promoting Islamic ways of life through civil society and social services; some might say much in the vein of Karl Kautsky, the cosmopolitan bourgeois socialist of the inter-war [[2nd International]]. The MB is reformist first and foremost, idealist and universalist in it's vision-- this mode of politics amounts to political activism and charity, as well as diplomatic and reformist political ends. The MB spread to Palestine in the 1940s in the West Bank. Having a large presence in countries across Northern Africa and Middle East, they only worked with the local militaries. This move was successful in Egypt helping the Free Officers rise to power, but less so in other countries where the Brotherhood was either suppressed or couped.

	Prior to their presence in the West Bank, Palestinians politically expressed themselves in secular terms, even as a people of deep faith. After the MB arrived in the West Bank, Islam figured much more prominently in Palestinian politics. The MB was soon discredited in the eyes of Palestinians by its support for King Hussein of Jordan in opposition to Prime Minister Nablus in the mid-1950s. During Jordanian rule the MB was watched closely by Jordanian intelligence and didn't gain widespread popularity until the mid- to late-1970s, especially in the northern West Bank. They were always a highly decentralized organization, which led to some members violently attacking British soldiers and others.		Prior to their presence in the West Bank, Palestinians politically expressed themselves in secular terms, even as a people of deep faith. After the MB arrived in the West Bank, Islam figured much more prominently in Palestinian politics. The MB was soon discredited in the eyes of Palestinians by its support for King Hussein of Jordan in opposition to Prime Minister Nablus in the mid-1950s. During Jordanian rule the MB was watched closely by Jordanian intelligence and didn't gain widespread popularity until the mid- to late-1970s, especially in the northern West Bank. They were always a highly decentralized organization, which led to some members violently attacking British soldiers and others.

	According to CIA documents, ""Only in Syria, Sudan, and Jordan, however, did the Brotherhood gain ''political'' significance. The basic goal of the Muslim Brotherhood is the creation of a modern political community based on Islamic precepts. Like the movement led by Ayatollah Khomeini that deposed the Shah of Iran in February 1979, the Brotherhood calls for the elimination of corrupting, Western influences in society."		According to CIA documents, "Only in Syria, Sudan, and Jordan, however, did the Brotherhood gain ''political'' significance. The basic goal of the Muslim Brotherhood is the creation of a modern political community based on Islamic precepts. Like the movement led by Ayatollah Khomeini that deposed the Shah of Iran in February 1979, the Brotherhood calls for the elimination of corrupting, Western influences in society."

	=====Balfour Declaration=====		=====Balfour Declaration=====