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| The '''Black Panther Party''' ('''BPP'''), originally known as the '''Black Panther Party for Self-Defense''' ('''BPP-SD'''), was a [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] party, and arguably vanguard party, in the [[United States]] (US) that was founded upon the principles of [[Black Power]], a movement largely built by [[Malcolm X]]. The organization was founded in October 1966 by [[Huey P. Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]] in [[Oakland]], [[California]], existing until its effective destruction in the 1980s due to the work of the US government's [[COINTELPRO]] operations of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/index.htm Black Panther Party]</ref> | | The '''Black Panther Party''' ('''BPP'''), originally known as the '''Black Panther Party for Self-Defense''' ('''BPP-SD'''), was a [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Vanguardism|vanguard party]] in the [[United States]] (US) that was founded upon the principles of [[Black Power]], a movement largely built by [[Malcolm X]]. The organization was founded in October 1966 by [[Huey P. Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]] in [[Oakland]], [[California]], existing until its effective destruction in the 1980s due to the work of the US government's [[COINTELPRO]] operations of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/index.htm Black Panther Party]</ref> |
| == Background ==
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| === Civil rights movement (1942-1965) ===
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| Since the end of the [[American Civil War]] in 1865, the institution of [[chattel slavery]] was formally abolished in the United States. However, it effectively continued to exist in the form of [[neo-slavery]] until 1942. Neo-slavery allowed for [[White people|White]] [[Dixie|Southerners]] to continue a process of enslaving [[African-Americans]] by [[debt peonage]], [[indentured servitude]], and unfair [[Labor contract|labor contracts]]. However, following the entry of the US into the [[Second World War]], President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (FDR) began a new series of programs to combat the neo-slavery issue. By mid-1942, the practice had been successfully eliminated,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4kI2h3iotA The Part of History You've Always Skipped | Neoslavery]</ref> becoming the first major victory for what would become the [[civil rights movement]].
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| Despite this new victory for African-American rights, the institutions of [[Jim Crow]] continued to be upheld by the [[Democratic Party]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjy7b9uwNxo Democrats are Strasserists]</ref> "Jim Crow laws" permitted racial [[apartheid]] that benefitted White communities at the expense of Black communities, while also restricting Black access to [[literacy]] and [[voting]]. Another example of Jim Crow laws were the so-called "[[Black codes]]," restricting where Black people were allowed to work, where they were allowed to live, and how much they were allowed to be paid in the system of [[wage labor]].<ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws#black-codes Jim Crow Laws]</ref>
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| On July 26, 1948, the second major victory of the civil rights movement came. President [[Harry S. Truman]] signed [[Executive Order 9981]] into law, officially desegregating the [[United States Armed Forces]] and allowing for racial integration in the US military. The order became a major economic victory for Black communities given that the United States Armed Forces had become the largest employer for African-Americans following the Second World War.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-order-9981 Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948)]</ref>
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| After the victory in Executive Order 9981 in 1948, the civil rights movement became far more organized, mobilized, and united. In 1952, Malcolm X was released from prison and began organizing [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] activities for the [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI). Malcolm X quickly became embroiled in the Black Power movement, moving beyond the original civil rights movement.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8woU9Rq0cPI Malcolm X and the Rise of Black Power: Crash Course Black American History #38]</ref> Meanwhile, the [[murder of Harry and Harriette Moore]] on December 25, 1951, by the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK) triggered massive civil rights protests.<ref>[[wikipedia:Murder_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore|Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore]]</ref> In 1953, the [[Baton Rouge bus boycott]] saw the [[United Defense League]] (UDL) and civil rights organizers protest racial apartheid in [[public transportation]].<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2003/06/19/1304163/the-first-civil-rights-bus-boycott The First Civil Rights Bus Boycott]</ref>
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| == Foreign relations ==
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| === Algeria ===
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| In the 1970s, members of the Black Panther Party began taking refuge in [[Algeria]] in order to escape state-sponsored US repression by the FBI, an organization that was attempting to arrest BPP members on alleged charges of [[terrorism]]. In order to escape the [[capital punishment]] awaiting them as Black people facing criminal charges, they fled to Algeria with permission from their [[Socialism|socialist]] government.<ref>[https://africasacountry.com/2018/07/algeria-and-the-american-black-panther-party Algeria and the Black Panthers]</ref>
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| == References == | | == References == |
| <references /> | | <references /> |
| [[Category:Organizations]]
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