Editing Antonio Gramsci

'''Antonio Gramsci''' was an Italian Communist who developed the theory of [[Cultural Hegemony]], which states that the bourgeois ruling class has a hegemonic influence on culture, through its control over the Mainstream Media and institutions such as NGOs.

Gramsci helped to found the Italian Communist Party in 1921. In 1924, he became its secretary, taking over from his [[Left communism|left-communist]] enemy Amadeo Bordiga. He was succeeded by [[Palmiro Togliatti]], an [[Opportunism|opportunist]].

From 1926, Gramsci was imprisoned and tortured by [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s Fascists. There, he wrote his Prison Notebooks. He died from sickness due to torture in 1937.

== Cultural Hegemony ==
Cultural hegemony is expressed today through bourgeois culture promoted by Hollywood and the Mainstream Media. It is also enforced through cancel culture.

Under [[bourgeois socialism]], the cultural hegemony is centrally managed by the government or [[Blackrock]]. Through state apparatuses like the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], [[State Department]], former [[Congress for Cultural Freedom|CCF]], [[NED]], [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] before [[DOGE]], and their affiliates like the [[Ford Foundation]] and [[George Soros]]'s Open Society Foundation, the US government spends billions each year promoting [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] narratives like "democracy" and "human rights".

The antithesis to this is proletarian culture, the culture that exists among workers. According to Gramsci, Communists must uphold proletarian culture, as it is part of the new communist society that is growing up within capitalism.

Infrared draws heavily from Gramsci, including his notion of the 'relative autonomy of the superstructure with regard to the base.'

== Myths ==

=== New Left co-optation of cultural hegemony ===
The [[New Left]] (often [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] or [[Left communism|left-communists]]) have used the notion of cultural hegemony to argue that widely held moral traditions are simply invented by the bourgeois. For example, New Leftists oppose modesty and raising a family in favor of "sexual freedom" (prostitution and nymphomania).

Yet these traditions existed long before capitalism and worldwide, across different modes of production, as part of a healthy human culture. 

To use the idea of cultural hegemony in this way is to ignore Gramsci himself. In his notes, Gramsci criticized the (semi-feudal) Italian countryside for "bestiality and sodomy", incest, and other "monstrous sexual crimes", existing despite their ideology of "religious fanaticism and patriarchalism". He compared their degeneracy to that of the (capitalist) cities, saying, "It is not only in the cities that sexuality has become a 'sport.'" He said women must attain "genuine independence" and "a new way of conceiving themselves". He concluded, "The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized."<ref>Gramsci, Some Aspects of the Sexual Question. https://web.archive.org/web/20060919172205/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/reader/q22-3.htm</ref>

=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===
Trotskyists have falsely claimed that Gramsci was sympathetic to Trotskyism, pointing to his letter to the USSR which (they claim) was "protesting Stalin's campaign against the Left Opposition."<ref>Leon Trotsky via Pioneer Publishers, "What Is Fascism and How to Fight It" (1944) https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1944/1944-fas.htm</ref> 

In reality, Gramsci was completely pro-Stalin. He wrote in 1926, "Our letter was a whole indictment of the opposition."<ref name=":0">Communist Platform - Gramsci, a Bolshevik. https://espressostalinist.com/2015/02/10/communist-platform-gramsci-a-bolshevik/</ref>

Only the introduction has been published for free online. In which, Gramsci cautions against the possibility that the "oppositional minority", led by Trotsky, "does not accept with the greatest loyalty the fundamental principles of revolutionary party discipline", and "in carrying on its polemics and struggle, it goes beyond certain limits which are above all formal democracy." He feared that the Russian Communist Party was "in danger" because the "international bourgeois ... are counting on a split in our brother party" which could "bring about the ruin of the revolution" and the "slow death-agony of the proletarian dictatorship". He went on calling the Trotskyists "a little minority".<ref>Gramsci, On the Situation in the Bolshevik Party. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/248/monograph/chapter/1323704</ref> Gramsci's letter was blocked by Italian Communist chairman [[Palmiro Togliatti]], the cowardly revisionist who had succeeded him. 

In 1924, he compared his [[Left communism|leftcom]] rival Bordiga to Trotsky, saying that both "played a purely figurative role in the Central Committee" and created a "factional situation" with "disastrous repercussions". <ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>Trotsky, although taking part ‘in a disciplined manner’ in the work of the party, had through his attitude of passive opposition – similar to Bordiga’s - created a state of unease throughout the Party, which could not fail to get a whiff of this situation. […] This shows that an opposition – even kept within the limits of a formal discipline – on the part of exceptional personalities in the workers’ movement, can not merely hamper the development of the revolutionary situation, but can put in danger the very conquests of the revolution. -- Antonio Gramsci <ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Moreover, "the passages in his ‘Prison Notebooks’ concerning Stalin, Trotsky, or Soviet socialism, all shine a favourable light on Stalin."<ref>[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Bernardini_(giurista) Aldo Bernardini], translated by Jessica Coco. https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/gramstal.htm</ref>
== References ==