Editing Reform and Opening Up (section)

==== Industrialization and Automation ====
From a semi-industrial nation in 1978, China is now the world's biggest producer of concrete, steel, ships and textiles, and has the world's largest automobile market.<ref name=":0">Page 593 - Rawski, G. Thomas; et al. (2008), "China's Industrial Development", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.), ''China's Great Transformation'', Cambridge: Cambridge university press</ref> From 1975 to 1992, China's automobile production rose from 139,800 to 1.1 million, rising to 9.35 million in 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161231060638/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29022484/ "China poised to be world’s largest auto market"] - NBC News</ref>  Light industries such as textiles saw an even greater increase. Chinese textile exports increased from 4.6% of world exports in 1980 to 24.1% in 2005. Textile output increased 18-fold over the same period<ref>Page 588 - Rawski, G. Thomas; et al. (2008), "China's Industrial Development", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.), ''China's Great Transformation'', Cambridge: Cambridge university press</ref> China is a world manufacturing superpower, owning a 28.7% share of the global manufacturing output, the largest in the world.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/chart/20858/top-10-countries-by-share-of-global-manufacturing-output/ China Is the World's Manufacturing Superpower] - Felix Richter</ref>

The Chinese experience is based on industrialization:  industry represented 35% of GDP in 1970 to 42% in 1990. The decline in percentage terms of agriculture, went from 38% of GDP in 1970 to 27% in 1990… The pattern of industrial growth during the 1980s has favored light industry, much of it in collective enterprises and, to a lesser extent, private firms as compared to substantially lower, though supposedly still rapid, growth in heavy industries in state-owned enterprises.<ref>E Gerrard Adams, ‘Economic transition in China: What makes China different’, in ‘From Reform to Growth’, p219</ref>

Chinese robotic installations have grown rapidly, becoming the world leader in robotics by 2019. The fastest growth in robotics installation out of any country. By 2016, China has become the largest operational stock of robots.<ref>[https://ifr.org/news/robots-china-breaks-historic-records-in-automation/ China breaks historic records in automation]</ref>Even when compared to the USA, a supposed first world developed country, China's robot density (robots there are per 10,000 workers) outpaces them.<ref>[https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/china-overtakes-usa-in-robot-density China overtakes USA in robot density]</ref> China's commitment to automation can be seen in the rural sector, such as intelligent green houses with more commitment to robotizing the farming industries. With the mechanization rate in urban sectors at around 70% by 2020, the number is bound to increase.<ref>[https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9262170/automation-can-help-chinese-horticultural-industry/ Automation can help Chinese horticultural industry]</ref>

Labor productivity improved dramatically after reforms too. Labour productivity per worker peaked in China in 1966, and went under periodic rises and dips over the course of 1966 to 1976. It was only in 1978 that industrial productivity beat the historical 1966 peak.<ref name=":22">China's Economic Development by Chris Bramall - page 403</ref> For state enterprises, total factor productivity from 1980 - 1996 increased 1.7% per year, meaning a 27.2% increase within the 16 year span.<ref>Chinese Economic Development by Chris Bramall, page 416</ref> Compared to only 0.9% in 1965 to 1978.<ref>Chinese Economic Development, page 403 - Chris Bramall</ref> For light industry's output value grew by 8.7% per anum from 1952 to 1978. From 1978 - 1999, it grew 15.25%. For Heavy industry, it was 11.9% from 1952 to 1978, but 14.75% from 1978 to 1999.<ref>Chinese Economic Development, page 409, Chris Bramall</ref>

Between 1978 and 1998, Chinese value-added per worker in manufacturing more than doubled in real terms, and in the process rose more quickly than in any of Japan, the USA and Russia. A process of catch-up was under way, especially in respect of Russia; the ratio of Chinese to Russian labour productivity narrowed from 16 to 54 per cent, as a result of poor Russian and improved Chinese performance.<ref>China's Economic Development, page 417 by Chris Bramall</ref> Value added per worker from 1990 to 2003 increased by 600%. During the same time period, Brazil and Mexico had stagnant growth, not exceeding more than 20% during the same time period.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Labor-productivity-in-manufacturing-China-Brazil-and-Mexico-value-added-per-worker_fig4_4910563 Fear of China: Is There a Future for Manufacturing in Latin America? - Mauricio Mesquita Moreira]</ref>

At the end of 1952, China's gross value added in manufacturing was 3.4% of the American level. By 1978, the gross value added in manufacturing of China was roughly around 14% of the USA's level. By the end of 1994, that number has risen to  45%. From 1952 - 1978, China's GVA as a percentage of the USA's grew by 10.6%. From 1978 to 1994, that number grew by 31%. This means that the GVA in manufacturing for China increased 2.9 fold post-reform compared to pre-reform. GVA per capita as a percentage of the USA was around 5.8% at the end of 1978 (with a 0.5% growth rate from 1952 to 1978), that number increased sharply by the end of 1994 with it being 9.5% (with a 3.7% growth rate from '78 to '94) This means that from 1978 to 1994, per capita growth increased 7 times over the pre 1978 level.<ref name=":32">Chinese Econonomic Performance in the Long Run: 960–2030 AD by Angus Maddison page 82</ref>

From 1952 to 1978, labor productivity in industry and construction increased 2.11x, while from 1978 to 2003, it increased 6.21x. In yearly measurements, from 1978 to 2003 grew 6.5% per annum, compared to the 3.7% from 1952 to 1978.<ref name=":53">Chinese Econonomic Performance in the Long Run: 960–2030 AD by Angus Maddison, page 80</ref> Labor productivity as a percentage relative to the USA grew by 4.3% from 1978 to 1994, compared to 0.4% from 1952 to 1978.<ref name=":32" />