Editing Reform and Opening Up (section)

==== Agriculture and Food Security ====
Grain production per capita finally exceeded the 1955 peak in 1978<ref name=":12">'''[https://archive.li/KTYDn#selection-1799.25-1799.82 China's success in increasing per capita food production - Jianhua Zhang]'''</ref>, while the total factor productivity in agriculture finally exceeded the 1958 peak in 1983.<ref>(Source: Lin Yifu, “Institutions, Technology, and Agricultural Development in China”, Truth & Wisdom Press, 2008 First Edition, p. 19)</ref> After Deng Xiaoping implemented the household responsibility system, agricultural output increased by 8.2% a year, compared with 2.7% in the pre-reform period, despite a decrease in the area of land used. Food prices fell by by nearly 50%, while income rose.<ref>''China's Great Transformation'' by Brandt, Loren and Rawski, G. Thomas , pp 478 - 480</ref>

The real gross value of crop output per arable acre rose by around three quarters during the reform period. The average annual real grown of net farm output per worker accelerated sharply from only 0.3 per cent between 1957 to 1978 to 4.3 per cent from 1978 to 1991<ref>''China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall'', Nolan. Macmillan 1995, p199</ref> During a two-year period in rural China, 1979-81, agricultural productivity increased by 18 per cent.<ref>Wang Bingqian, Report on the Execution of the State Budget Jor 1984 and on the Draft State Budget for 1985, (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1985) page 76 to 77</ref>

From 2012 to 2022, food security in China ranked according to the Global Food Security index rose from 55 to 74.2.<ref>[https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index Global Food Security Ranking and Trend]</ref> China is ranked 25th out of 113 countries on overall score, placing it in the top 20 percent. China is ranked 2nd out of 113 countries on food availability, 33rd  on food affordability (top 29%), 46th on food safety (top 40%) and 55th on sustainability and adaption (top 48%)

In 2022, China's prevalence of under nourishment is at 2.5% compared to the global average of 9.8%. 4.7% of children are stunted compared to the global average of 22%. China's rate of underweight children is 2.4% while the global average of 2021 is 12.6%. China's rate of obesity is 6.6% compared to the global average of 13%.

China has had a 100% positive change in food costs compared to the mean index of 78%. A 100% positive change in food safety net programmes compared to the mean of 72.4%. A score of 78.9 compared to the mean of 57.6 of access to agricultural input for farmers. A score of 98.6 for food volatility compared to the mean of 68.7. A score of 69.3 for supply chain infrastructure compared to the mean of 61.9. A score of 100 for commitment to input food security policies compared to the mean of 47. A protein quality of 83.8 compared to the mean of 68.5 and a food safety of 92.4 compared to the mean of 76.4.<ref>[https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/explore-countries/china Global Food Security Index 2022 on China]</ref>

In 2012 the Food and Agriculture Organization found that China (-96 million) and Viet Nam (-24 million) amounts to 91 percent of the net numerical reduction in undernourished people since 1990-92. Scholars associate land reform with China’s advance against hunger (and SOFI12 acknowledges small farmer access to land in China as key); to understanding the progress of China and Viet Nam, experts cite egalitarian land reform as a key. In both countries, small holders secured access to land through state policies. SOFI12 also notes the “situation of relatively equal access to farmland and human capital” in China as important in China's striking progress against hunger.<ref>[https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/Framing%20Hunger.pdf '''FRAMING HUNGER,  A Response to The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012''' - May 22 2013] - FAO</ref>

Labor productivity increased in the post-reform area, the annual growth rate of GVA per worker was only 0.8 per cent per year between 1955 and 1981, whereas it grew at a rate of nearly 5 per cent per year after 1981.<ref>Page 232, Chinese Economic Development - Chris Bramall</ref> From 1981 - 2006, the gross output value of farming was 4.3% and gross output value of agriculture was 5.5%. Compared from the period of 1954 - 1981 of 2.9 and 3.3% respectively. In terms of value added overall, it was 4.2% for 1981 - 2006. And 2.7% for 1954 - 1983.<ref>Chinese Economic Development - Chris Bramall, page 228</ref>

Real Gross Value Added was 4.5% from 1978 to 2003, up from the growth rate of 2.2% from '52 to '78.<ref name=":52">Chinese Econonomic Performance in the Long Run: 960–2030 AD by Angus Maddison, page 80</ref> Labor productivity from 1957 to 1978 declined by 0.19%, but from 1987 to 1994 it increased by 3.05%. In terms of aggregate gross value added, from 1957 to 1978, it was 1.72% compared to 5.52% from '87 to '94.<ref>Chinese Econonomic Performance in the Long Run: 960–2030 AD by Angus Maddison, page 76</ref> Labor productivity from 1952 to 1978 only grew by 0.2% per anum, from 1978 to 2003 it grew by 4% per anum. Over the course of 1952 to 1978, labour productivity in agriculture only increased by 4.3%. While labour productivity from 1978 to 2003 increased by 3.65x<ref name=":52" />

The effect of decollectivization and the improvement in the intersectoral terms of trade was to eliminate much of underemployment (in the form of loitering); labour inputs (in terms of hours worked) surged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Following the second land reform, every minute was made to count on the family farm.<ref name=":42">The Great Reversal: The Privatization of China, 1978-1989 by William Hinton - Page 53</ref>