Editing Utopian socialism (section)

=== Saint-Simon and his followers ===
'''Saint-Simon (1760-1825)''' operated on another scale entirely. With him, according to Engels, "we find a comprehensive breadth of view."<ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm</ref> Engels even places him alongside [[Hegel]] as "the most encyclopaedic mind of his time."<ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch02.htm</ref> With him Socialism graduates from an imagined outcome to an observable, historical process. Simon operates at the level of the bank, rather than the factory. 

He fought alongside Lafayette in the American War of Independence, studied engineering and hydraulics at the Ecole de Mézières, speculated on land during the French Revolution (which he supported), and afterward became involved with the recently organized Ecole Polytechnique. In 1802 he advocated a religion of science with Isaac Newton as a Saint and in 1814 sent a proposal to the Congress of Vienna for a European supranational assembly. His socialist writing began in 1817. 

Saint-Simon saw a contradiction between two classes, not bourgeois and proletariat, but producer and idler. He proposed a system in which production would be organized according to social needs. After his death, his followers gave a series of lectures (1828-29), making the case for rational management of capital.<blockquote>...if industry is to attain the maximum possible perfections: first, the instruments must be distributed according to the needs of each locality and each branch of industry; second, they must be distributed according to the individual capacities so that they are put to work by the most capable men ... <ref name=":0">"The Saint-Simonians in Industry and Economic Development,"  John C. Eckalbar, ''The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Jan.'', 1979 [https://annas-archive.org/md5/bf49107e703aaae80b398ba5e32d7c5b Annas-Archive link]</ref></blockquote>Private property would still exist, but would be severely limited by the abolition of inheritance and other factors. Social hierarchy would be preserved but stripped of heredity and passive ownership. At the top would be bankers, technocratic philosopher kings allocating investment to supervise the general development of society.<blockquote>For the bankers, because of their knowledge and connections, are much more in a position to appraise the needs of industry and the ability of the industrialists than are idle and isolated individuals.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>In the Final State, banking will gain a "total view" of the World Economy, using this information to allocate wealth as "trustee of all instruments of production; in brief, of that which today composes the entire mass of individual properties ... everything is interlocked and all is planned" in the "interest of all."<ref name=":0" /> At the apex of the system is a Central Bank, representing "government in the material order," which would draw the "most skillful bankers into a unitary and directing bank dominating them all."<ref name=":0" /> In this it will be assisted by a tiered structure of regional secondary banks through which "the central bank would keep in touch with the principal localities to know their needs and productive power."<ref name=":0" /> Below these are tertiary banks specializing in particular fields or functions.

Through their benevolence, the conditions of the working class would be improved. If it is not already obvious, Saint-Simon did not look to the working class or to mass politics for the fruition of his ideas. The upper class would be organically persuaded, and the structural changes they ushered in would be peaceful reforms. Many of his ideas (a European superstate, a world network of banking targeting development) have been realized. His followers were uniquely successful, in particular '''Isaac''' and '''Emile Pereire''', who pioneered the use of the Société Anonyme (a joint stock company with limited liability and anonymous shareholders). Their '''Credit Mobilier''' played a decisive role in the early history of Finance capital and the railroadization of Europe. 

In Germany Credit Mobilier was decisive in the inspiration and funding of the Darmstadter Banks, first of the German 'Great Banks.' In Austria they brought Ecole Polytechnique Engineers to bear on a state railroad line. In Spain, the Credtio Mobilario Espaniol (capitalized 1856 at 60 million francs), apart from supervising their railroad interests and underwriting government loans, "founded and operated coal and iron mines, coke and briquette factories, sugar refineries, potteries, dock and warehouse companies, the leading insurance company of Spain (the Phenix Espaniol), and the Madrid gasworks."<ref name=":0" /> In Italy the Credito Mobiliare Italiano (formed 1863) "underwrote government bonds, formed a holding company for public utilities, organized the construction of and later directed four Italian railroads."<ref name=":0" /> In Russia they formed the Great Russian Railway Company at the assent of the Tsar.

That the heights of finance were transformed is demonstrated by the transformation of the '''Rothschilds''', whom Credit Mobilier competed against and who, in their struggle, found it necessary to adopt the same pattern of organization as Credit Mobilier. Eckalbar cites Alexander Gerschenkron, who gives the example: "When the Rothschilds prevented the Pereires from establishing the Austrian Credit-Anstalt, they succeeded only because they became willing to establish the bank themselves and to conduct it not as an old fashioned banking enterprise but ''as a credit mobilier, that is, as a bank devoted to railroadization and industrialization of the country.''"<ref name=":0" /> '''Marx''', who found the Second Republic and Saint-Simonian stockjobbers repellant, could not deny that "the application of joint-stock companies to industry marks a new epoch in the economical life of modern nations."<ref>http://marxengels.public-archive.net/en/ME0978en.html#Pe</ref>