Editing ARPANET (section)

=== Development and Implementation ===
Inspiration for the network was predictably bound up with postwar cybernetics. '''Joseph C. R. Licklider''', veteran of '''SAGE''' and colleague of '''Norbert Weiner''' (father of cybernetics), was an early visionary. In 1960, he published a paper entitled "Man-Machine Symbiosis," calling for the implementation of thinking-machines and envisioning an “Intergalactic Computer Network”- an opened ended system designed for the transmission of data across vast distances.<ref>Edberg's legendary blog

https://deterritorialinvestigations.wordpress.com/2014/01/25/the-sage-speaks-of-what-he-sees-war-games-and-the-new-spirit-of-capitalism/</ref> In 1962, Licklider was involved in the creation of a functional time-sharing system, working with '''Bolt, Beranek and Newman''' out of MIT. The system went into operation September 1962.<ref>https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-debugging-system/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater p.56 (under "Operating Experience")</ref> In October of that same year, he was appointed head of ARPA's newly minted '''Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)'''.<ref>Hafner, Katie., Lyon, Matthew. ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet.'' United States: Simon & Schuster, 1999.</ref>  The IPTO began as the '''Command and Control Research''' initiative, assigned to ARPA in June of 1961.<ref>''The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1974'', Barber Associates, December 1975, V-48<nowiki/>https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154363.pdf</ref> According to internal documentation, the aim of the initiative was to "support research on the conceptual aspects of command and control and to provide a better understanding of organizational, informational, and man-machine relationships."<ref>''The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1974'', Barber Associates, December 1975, V-49 <nowiki>https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154363.pdf</nowiki></ref> In Licklider's view, the future of command and control would rely on advancements in computer science. In his own words:<blockquote>There was a belief in the heads of a number of people -- a small number -- that people could really become very much more effective in their thinking and decision-making, if they had the support of a computer system, good displays and so forth, good data bases, computation at your command. It was kind of an image that we were working toward the realization of.... It really wasn't a command and control research program. It was an interactive computing program. And my belief was, and still is, you can't really do command and control outside the framework of such a thing... of course, that wasn't believed by people in the command control field.<ref>''The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1974'', Barber Associates, December 1975, V-51 <nowiki>https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154363.pdf</nowiki></ref></blockquote>Licklider's remained head of the program until 1964, and during this time the program underwent fundamental change. According to an ARPA sponsored internal history:<blockquote>Emphasis had changed from command operational studies, war game scenarios and a "command systems laboratory" to research in time-sharing systems, computer graphics, improved computer languages, and computer networking... By the beginning of 1964 this change was reflected in renaming the office Information Processing Techniques.<ref>''The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1974'', Barber Associates, December 1975, V-53 <nowiki>https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154363.pdf</nowiki></ref></blockquote>Licklider left the IPTO in 1964, but his vision was carried on by '''Bob Taylor''', who acquired funding for a network project in February of 1966.<ref>Markoff, John, Innovator who helped create PC, Internet and the mouse, New York Times, 15 April 2017, p.A1</ref> A plan was drafted and presented in October 1967 at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. It was at this conference that packet switching first came to the attention of ARPA investigators. Roberts reached out to both Baran and Donald Davies, an English researcher who had independently developed packet switching a number of years after the fact.

The network became operational in 1970. By 1975, operational control of the ARPANET passed to the '''Defense Communications Agency'''.<ref>https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm</ref> In the same year, the '''NSA''' approved deployment of the first '''ARPANET encryption devices''' in order to support classified traffic.<ref>"Re: Network Layer Encryption History and Prior Art", http://www.sandelman.ca/ipsec/1996/06/msg00050.html<nowiki/>email by Steve Kent on the ipsec mailing list, Wed, 19 Jun 1996 10:59:39 +0100</ref> Research into packet encryption began during the early 1970s, carried out by Bolt, Beranek and Newman under DARPA funding.<ref>"Re: Network Layer Encryption History and Prior Art", http://www.sandelman.ca/ipsec/1996/06/msg00050.html<nowiki/>email by Steve Kent on the ipsec mailing list, Wed, 19 Jun 1996 10:59:39 +0100</ref>

On the occasion of ARPANET's decommissioning- February 28, 1990- Vinton Cerf, a key contributor to the project, penned "Requiem of the ARPANET:"<blockquote>''It was the first, and being first, was best,''

''but now we lay it down to ever rest.''

''Now pause with me a moment, shed some tears.''

''For auld lang syne, for love, for years and years''

''of faithful service, duty done, I weep.''

''Lay down thy packet, now, O friend, and sleep.''<ref>Abbate, J. 2000. _Inventing the Internet_. Inside Technology. MIT Press. p.195</ref></blockquote>